Model Hukum Pertambangan di Indonesia dan Kanada: Antara Sentralisasi Kewenangan dan Keadilan Komunitas Lokal
The Legal Model of Mining Governance in Indonesia and Canada: Between Centralized Authority and Local Community Justice
Keywords:
Hukum Pertambangan, Keadilan, Kewenangan, Komunitas Lokal, SentralisasiAbstract
Artikel ini menganalisis perbandingan model hukum pertambangan antara Indonesia dan Kanada dari perspektif distribusi kewenangan, mekanisme perizinan, perlindungan lingkungan, serta keterlibatan komunitas lokal dan masyarakat adat. Indonesia menganut model hukum sentralistik yang berorientasi pada kemudahan investasi melalui deregulasi dan pemusatan kewenangan di pemerintah pusat, sebagaimana diatur dalam UU No. 3 Tahun 2020 dan UU Cipta Kerja 2020. Meskipun memberikan kepastian hukum formal bagi investor, model ini menimbulkan ketimpangan dalam partisipasi masyarakat dan lemahnya akuntabilitas lingkungan. Sebaliknya, Kanada menerapkan sistem desentralistik yang memberikan kewenangan luas kepada pemerintah provinsi dan mewajibkan konsultasi bermakna dengan masyarakat adat melalui Crown’s Duty to Consult serta Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBAs). Selain itu, standar industri Towards Sustainable Mining (TSM) berperan penting dalam membangun transparansi, akuntabilitas sosial, dan kemitraan komunitas. Hasil perbandingan menunjukkan bahwa desentralisasi partisipatif Kanada lebih menjamin keseimbangan antara kepastian investasi dan keadilan sosial-ekologis. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Indonesia perlu mengintegrasikan prinsip partisipasi komunitas, penegakan hukum lingkungan berbasis publik, dan inisiatif industri sukarela seperti TSM guna mewujudkan tata kelola pertambangan yang berkelanjutan dan inklusif.
Downloads
References
Buku
Friedman, L. M. (1975). Legal System, The: A Social Science Perspective. Russell Sage Foundation. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610442282
Ismail, R. S. & Thaba, A. (2024). Hukum & Etika Lingkungan. Mafy Media Literasi Indonesia, Solok. ISBN: 978-623-8789-58-0
Nonet, P., Selznick, P., & Kagan, R.A. (2001). Law and Society in Transition: Toward Responsive Law (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203787540
OECD. (2022a). OECD Environmental Performance Reviews. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/19900090
OECD. (2022b). Responsible Business Conduct in the Extractive and Minerals Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2022/03/responsible-business-conduct-in-the-extractive-and-minerals-sector-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean_e6d727a5/22d39e01-en.pdf
Artikel Jurnal
Aryanisah, B., Candra, M., Cahyani, N. L. V. A., & Ghufran, F. (2025). Analisis Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Investasi Asing dari Sudut Pandang Ekonomi Politik. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Administrasi Publik Dan Kebijakan Negara, 2(3), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.62383/komunikasi.v2i3.432
Azhara, M. A. & Mardhatillah, S. R. (2023). Partisipasi Publik dalam Penyusunan Dokumen Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Pasca Berlakunya Undang-Undang/Perppu Cipta Kerja. Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 30(2), 256–276. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol30.iss2.art2
Baura, L., Saptenno, M., & Pietersz, J. (2022). Kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Pengelolaan Pertambangan Mineral Batubara. PATTIMURA Legal Journal, 1(3), 167-188. https://doi.org/10.47268/pela.v1i3.6753
BPHN. (2015). Draft Laporan Pengkajian Hukum tentang Mekanisme Pengakuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat. BPHN, Jakarta. https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/mekanisme_pengakuan_masy_hkm_adat.pdf
Deberdt, R., & Letourneau, A. (2025). Establishing a critical minerals industry: Review of Canada's administrative and legal efforts at the national and sub-national levels. Resources Policy, 107, 105660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105660
Gilmour, T. & Stacey, J. (2024). Access to Environmental Justice in Canadian environmental impact assessment. FACETS. 9: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2023-0118
Hoekstra, A. J. A. (2023). Quantitative Analysis in Negotiating Indigenous Benefit Agreements. Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP. https://cassels.com/insights/quantitative-analysis-in-negotiating-indigenous-benefit-agreements
Kung, A., Holcombe, S., Hamago, J., & Kemp, D. (2022). Indigenous co-ownership of mining projects: a preliminary framework for the critical examination of equity participation. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 40(4), 413–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2022.2029184
Loginova, J., Landauer, M., Joona, J., Datta, R., & Joona, T. (2025). Enabling Indigenous-centred decision-making for a just energy transition? Lessons from community consultation and consent in the circumpolar Arctic. Energy Research & Social Science, 120, 103928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.103928
Luhukay, R. S., & Dewi, R. K. (2020). Sentralisasi Kewenangan Perizinan Usaha oleh Pemerintah Pusat dalam Rancangan Undang – Undang Mineral dan Batubara. Al-’Adl, 13(2), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.31332/aladl.v13i2.1861
Muhammad, S., Arifin, S., Syam, R., Tamma, S., Hans, A., Hanami, Z. A., Aprianto, & Putra, B. A. (2024). Corporate social responsibility programs in mining areas: insights from stakeholder groups in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2357675
Nugroho, S., & Lathif, M. A. (2024). Resiko Kerusakan Lingkungan dan Perubahan Iklim Akibat Perizinan Berusaha Online. Judge: Jurnal Hukum, 5(01), 32-44. https://doi.org/10.54209/judge.v5i01.519
Prianto, Y., et al. (2020). Reformulasi Kebijakan Pertambangan Atas Kewenangan Daerah. Jurnal Litigasi, 21(1), pp. 1-29, https://doi.org/10.23969/litigasi.v21i1.1789
Raharja, T. & Hanim, L. (2025). Perizinan Usaha Pertambangan Minerba dalam Perspektif Hukum Administrasi Negara: Legalitas dan Pengawasan. (2025). LawSains Journal, 1(2), 14-26. https://journal.prisains.com/index.php/law/article/view/12
Rahman, I. N., Triningsih, A., Harumdani, A., Kurniawan, N. (2011). Dasar Pertimbangan Yuridis Kedudukan Hukum (Legal Standing) Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Proses Pengujian Undang-Undang di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengkajian, Kepaniteraan dan Sekretariat Jenderal, Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Jakarta. https://www.mkri.id/public/content/infoumum/penelitian/pdf/Masyarakat%20Hukum%20Adat.pdf
Rusdi, S. (2025). Perubahan Undang-Undang Minerba bagi Masyarakat Halmahera Tengah di Provinsi Maluku Utara dengan Hadirnya IWIP. ADIL: Jurnal Hukum, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.33476/ajl.v16i1.5148
Salinding, M. B. (2019). Prinsip Hukum Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara yang Berpihak Kepada Masyarakat Hukum Adat. Jurnal Konstitusi, 16(1), pp. 148-169. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/277118-none-a1145b04.pdf
Sanduan, A. P. (2022). Resentralisasi Perizinan Berusaha Pertambangan Mineral dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja. Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune, 5(1), pp. 142-160. https://www.neliti.com/publications/458905/resentralisasi-perizinan-berusaha-pertambangan-mineral-dalam-undang-undang-nomor
Sari, R. M. (2021). Potensi Perampasan Wilayah Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Undang-undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja. Mulawarman Law Review, 6(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.30872/mulrev.v6i1.506
Sosa, I. & Keenan, K. (2001). Impact Benefit Agreements Between Aboriginal Communities and Mining Companies: Their Use in Canada. Canadian Environtmental Law Association. https://cela.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/IBAeng.pdf
Spiller, B., Huber-Mill, J., & Brown, I. (2025). Community Engagement and Participatory Inclusion in Mining: A Multi-Jurisdictional Study. RFF Working Paper WP 25-08. https://www.rff.org/documents/4800/WP_25-08_PHBFNYf.pdf
Widyaningrum, T., & Hamidi, M. R. (2024). Pembaruan Hukum Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara Menuju Keadilan dan Kepastian Hukum yang Berkelanjutan untuk Masyarakat Indonesia. IBLAM LAW REVIEW, 4(3), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v4i3.436
Yulianingrum, A. V. & Oktaviani, Y. W. (2023). Kebijakan Pengelolaan Pertambangan Berorientasi SDGs di IKN Indonesia. Jurnal Analisis Hukum, 6(2), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.38043/jah.v6i2.4670
Zamroni, A., Putri, W. E. C., & Sagala, S. T. (2022). Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility programs for local communities around mining companies in Kalimantan, Indonesia: environmental, economic, and social perspectives. Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 6(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.22515/sustinerejes.v6i1.195
Media Massa dan Internet
Baird, K. et al. (2023, May). Impact Benefit Agreements: Key Insights from British Columbia. First Nations LNG Alliance. https://fnnga.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/fnlnga-iba-report-v7.pdf
Buhler, J., Eccleston, E., & Klassen, E. (04/01/2024). Mineral claims registration system in breach of duty to consult; UNDRIP not law in B.C. despite DRIPA. ML T Aikins Insights. https://www.mltaikins.com/insights/mineral-claims-registration-system-in-breach-of-duty-to-consult-undrip-not-law-in-b-c-despite-dripa/
Cerah. (29/09/2025). Nikel untuk Dunia, Polusi untuk Rakyat. https://www.cerah.or.id/publications/article/detail/nikel-untuk-dunia-polusi-untuk-rakyat
Chambers & Partners. (2024). Environmental Law 2024. https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/environmental-law-2024/canada/trends-and-developments
Dentons. (17/01/2022). Dentons Global Mining Guide: Canada. https://www.dentons.com/en/insights/newsletters/2022/january/17/dentons-global-mining-guide-2022/canada/
Detik.com. (23/09/2025), Masih Ada Ribuan Lubang Bekas Tambang di Sekitar IKN. https://www.detik.com/kalimantan/ikn/d-8126653/masih-ada-ribuan-lubang-bekas-tambang-di-sekitar-ikn#
Government of British Columbia. (02/04/2025). Mineral and placer leases: Mineral titles – Province of British Columbia. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/mineral-exploration-mining/mineral-titles/mineral-placer-titles/leases-mineral-placer-titles/
Government of Canada. (2023). Mineral and the economy. https://natural-resources.canada.ca/minerals-mining/mining-data-statistics-analysis/minerals-economy
Government of Canada. (2025). Indigenous Services Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/indigenous-services-canada.html
Government of Yukon. (2025). Apply for a prospecting lease – Yukon.ca. https://yukon.ca/en/doing-business/permits-and-licensing/apply-prospecting-lease
Hukumonline. (12/11/2019). Dinilai Langgar Aturan, Koalisi Desak Tambang Pulau Wawonii Dicabut. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/dinilai-langgar-aturan--koalisi-desak-tambang-pulau-wawonii-dicabut-lt5dc992a92656a/
Hukumonline. (29/08/2025). Revisi PP 96/2021 Perbaiki Tata Kelola Pertambangan. https://pro.hukumonline.com/legal-intelligence/a/revisi-pp-96-2021-perbaiki-tata-kelola-tambang-lt68b08f17a07a4/
Katadata. (2024). PNBP Minerba Rp. 172,96 Triliun, Diprediksi Lampaui Target 2023. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/ekonomi-makro/statistik/26d2cf4934a9c96/pnbp-minerba-rp17296-triliun-diprediksi-lampaui-target-2023
KLHK. (15/09/2025). 5.476 Perusahaan dinilai Kinerja ketaatan lingkungan oleh KLH/BPLH Melalui PROPER. https://kemenlh.go.id/news/detail/5476-perusahaan-dinilai-kinerja-ketaatan-lingkungan-oleh-klhbplh-melalui-proper
KLHK. (2021). Laporan Kinerja 2021: Menebalkan Modal Sosial, Memperkuat Kinerja Positif Pembangunan LHK. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Jakarta. http://bit.ly/LKJ-KLHK-2021
MediaKaltim.com, (24/09/ 2025). 2.700 Lubang Bekas Tambang di Sekitar IKN Belum Direklamasi. https://mediakaltim.com/2-700-lubang-bekas-tambang-di-sekitar-ikn-belum-direklamasi/
MAC Global TSM Initiative. (2024). International Implementation Report. https://tsminitiative.com/assets-documents/newsletter-file/SPARK-MAC-TSM-DIGITAL_NEWSLETTER-2024-EN3-1.pdf
Mining Association of Canada (MAC). (2022). Community of Interest (COI) Panel Terms of Reference. https://mining.ca/resources/guides-manuals/tsm-coi-panel-terms-of-reference-2024/
Mining Association of Canada (MAC). (2023). Indigenous and Community Relationships (ICR) Protocol. https://mining.ca/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2023/04/ICR-Protocol-English-2023.pdf
Mining Association of Canada (MAC). (2024). Towards Sustainable Mining (TSM) Guiding Principles & Protocols. https://mining.ca/download/48493/
Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP. (05/12/2024). “Consult before exploring: mineral tenure and Indigenous rights in British Columbia”. Legal Outlook. https://www.osler.com/en/insights/reports/2024-legal-outlook/consult-before-exploring-mineral-tenure-and-indigenous-rights/
Tempo. (26/11/2015). Rusuh Tambang Emas di Banyuwangi, ini Penyebabnya. https://www.tempo.co/arsip/rusuh-tambang-emas-di-banyuwangi-ini-penyebabnya-nbsp--1403022
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Republik Indonesia. (2020). Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja.
Republik Indonesia. (2020). Undang-Undang No. 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara (Perubahan Atas UU No. 4/2009).
Government of Canada. (1985). Fisheries Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. F-14). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/F-14.pdf
Government of Canada. (2019). Impact Assessment Act (S.C. 2019, c. 28, s. 1). https://laws.justice.gc.ca/PDF/I-2.75.pdf
Government of Canada. (2021). United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (UNDRIP Act). https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/declaration/about-apropos.pdf
Government of Canada. (01/11/2025). The Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/Const_TRD.pdf
Government of Canada, Ontario. (1990). Mining Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. M.14 (Ontario). https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90m14
New Zealand Petroleum & Minerals. (2025). The Crown Minerals Amandment Act 2025. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2025/0040/latest/LMS993433.html
Putusan Pengadilan
Mahkamah Konstitusi. (2020). Putusan MK No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020. https://www.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/putusan_mkri_8240_1637822490.pdf
Supreme Court of Canada. (2018). Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Governor General in Council), SCC 40, 2018 2 S.C.R. 765. https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/17288/index.do
Supreme Court of Canada. (2004). Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests), 3 S.C.R. 511, 2004 SCC 73. https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2189/index.do
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ade Jona Prasetyo, Prof. Dr. Ningrum Natasya Sirait, S.H., M.Li., Dr. T. Keizerina Devi Azwar, S.H., CN., M.Hum., MH.Kes. (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All articles published in the Deli Journal of Law, Development, Economics, Values & Institution (DJLDEVI) are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
As long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the journal.
© Author(s) retain copyright of their work.
More info: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
